As a biologist I am constantly being educated between the differences in sex, in both a reproductive sense. In the mating systems that occur both in the natural world in communities of different species worldwide. Sea horses for one example, the largest amount of parental care is on the male in the relationship. The female deposits the eggs, which are then cared for by the male for the duration of maturation of the eggs. Contrasted with many mammalian species, about 95% of male mammals have no parental investment. The exception to this is human’s. (http://web.missouri.edu/~gearyd/PaternalInvest.pdf) This difference leads me to ask the question, does hetrosexual parenting have any difference over same sex couples?
What importance does parental investmentreally have on the maturation of the child. Does the gender of a parent have any influence on how well this child thrives? Research has been undertaken as to whether same sex couples make better parents than heterosexual parents. But if we look at animals, it is clear that in most cases only one parent is needed for raising young.
There are three main types of parental systems in the animal world. Monogamy, polygyny and polyandry. ( This is purely a biological outlook) Monogamy occurs when one male and one female mate together exclusively. This is shown in 85% of all bird species. The second mating system is social polygyny. This is when one male mates with many females. This is the equivalent of one man sleeping with multiple women and having no input into the parenting of the children. This occurs in 10% of bird species. The third is social polyandry, which only occurs in 11 families of birds. This is when one female mates with many male birds. So if we look to our feathered friends, the way forward seems to be monogamy.
This may occur because of the parental investment that males and females have in terms of raising young. The males investment is usually over once fertilization has occurred. Whereas the female, then usually has to carry the young in their uterus for a prolonged period of time. Once the young are born, most females lactate, which is the only source of nutrition for the young. If the female was to leave and the males left to care for the young, then they wouldn’t be able to feed them.
Because of this, females are far more picky about the males that they choose to mate with. They want to make sure that the male they choose if fit and healthy, and will be able to forage for food ect to support the young and also her whilst she is weak from giving birth.
So can we generalise this to human’s? After all, what makes us as a species any different to another species. Also, if other species have evolved methods of multiple partners, why is there an issue when it comes to human relationships. Multiple partners seems to be the most stigmatised part of society. Is it merely because we do not understand it?
In conclusion, there are many examples of multiple parents in the animal kigdom, and many instances where only one parent is needed. Therfore i can quite happily say that the number of parents that a child or young has, doesn’t really affect how well that child or young does in their life. More so the gender of the parents has little impact on the wellbeing of the child/young.
First blog guys so comments welcome…